Arterial dissection occurs when a tear forms in the inner layer of an artery wall, allowing blood to enter between the layers and split them apart. This creates a false channel within the artery wall, which can narrow the true artery lumen or even block blood flow entirely. Dissections can affect various arteries, including the aorta, carotid, vertebral, or renal arteries.

This condition may arise spontaneously or as a result of trauma, connective tissue disorders, extreme blood pressure fluctuations, or certain vascular procedures. Symptoms depend on the artery involved. For example, aortic dissection can cause sudden, severe chest or back pain, while carotid or vertebral artery dissection may lead to neurological symptoms such as headache, facial pain, or stroke-like episodes.

Arterial dissections can be life-threatening, especially if they involve major arteries. Diagnosis typically involves CT angiography, MRI, or ultrasound to visualize the dissection and assess blood flow.

Treatment depends on the severity and location and may include blood pressure control, antithrombotic medications, or surgical/interventional procedures such as stenting or open repair. Timely diagnosis and management are essential to prevent complications like organ damage, stroke, or rupture.