Compartment syndrome is a serious condition that occurs when pressure builds up within a closed muscle compartment, often in the arms or legs. This pressure reduces blood flow and impairs oxygen delivery to muscles and nerves, potentially leading to tissue damage, nerve injury, or even limb loss if not treated promptly.

There are two main types:

• Acute compartment syndrome is a surgical emergency and often results from trauma, such as fractures, crush injuries, or vascular occlusion.

• Chronic (exertional) compartment syndrome develops more gradually and is usually related to repetitive exercise or overuse, causing leg pain and tightness that resolves with rest.

Acute cases typically present with severe pain out of proportion to the injury, swelling, tightness, numbness, or decreased movement. If untreated, tissue can become ischemic and necrotic within hours.

Diagnosis is based on clinical assessment and, in some cases, measuring intracompartmental pressure. Treatment for acute cases requires urgent fasciotomy, a surgical procedure to release pressure. Chronic cases are managed with activity modification, physical therapy, or elective surgery if symptoms persist.

Early recognition and prompt intervention are key to preventing long-term complications such as muscle death or permanent disability.