Lymphoedema is a chronic condition characterized by the accumulation of lymphatic fluid in the tissues, most commonly affecting the arms or legs. It occurs when the lymphatic system is unable to drain fluid effectively, leading to persistent swelling, skin changes, and discomfort.

There are two main types:

• Primary lymphoedema, which is caused by abnormal development of the lymphatic vessels and may present at birth or later in life.

• Secondary lymphoedema, which results from damage or obstruction to the lymphatic system due to surgery, radiation therapy, cancer, infection, or chronic venous insufficiency.

Early symptoms include heaviness, tightness, or swelling in a limb that may come and go. Over time, the swelling becomes more persistent and may lead to hardening of the skin (fibrosis), reduced mobility, and a higher risk of skin infections such as cellulitis.

Diagnosis is based on clinical assessment, often supported by ultrasound or lymphoscintigraphy to evaluate lymphatic function and rule out other causes of swelling.

While lymphoedema cannot be cured, early and consistent treatment can significantly reduce symptoms and improve quality of life. Management includes:

• Compression therapy with garments or bandaging

• Manual lymphatic drainage (MLD)

• Skincare to prevent infection

• Exercise and elevation

In selected cases, surgical options such as lymphaticovenous anastomosis or liposuction may be considered to reduce limb volume and improve function.