Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a common circulatory condition where blood flow to the limbs—especially the legs—is reduced due to narrowed or blocked arteries. This occurs when fatty deposits (atherosclerosis) build up in the walls of peripheral arteries, limiting oxygen-rich blood from reaching muscles and skin.

PAD often develops gradually and may go unnoticed for years. Many people do not experience clear symptoms, or they may mistake signs—such as leg discomfort or fatigue—for normal aging. In some cases, PAD remains completely silent until complications arise.

One of the earliest signs of PAD is intermittent claudication—pain, cramping, or fatigue in the legs triggered by walking and relieved by rest. This symptom indicates that the muscles aren't receiving enough blood during activity.

The condition is more than just a problem of poor circulation in the legs. PAD is strongly associated with an increased risk of heart attack, stroke, and cardiovascular death, as it reflects widespread arterial disease.

If left untreated, PAD can lead to serious complications including non-healing foot ulcers, critical limb ischemia (CLI), and diabetic foot problems, potentially resulting in limb loss.

Diagnosis involves a physical exam and simple tests such as the ankle-brachial index (ABI) or vascular imaging. Treatment focuses on reducing cardiovascular risk, improving blood flow, and preventing progression. This includes lifestyle changes, medications, and sometimes procedures like angioplasty or bypass surgery.